What does "Vref" signify in approach terminology?

"Vref" stands for Reference landing speed, which is a critical speed established during approach and landing phases of flight. It is the airspeed at which the aircraft is configured for landing, meaning the landing gear is down, flaps are extended, and the aircraft has reached its landing configuration. This speed is vital for maintaining safe control of the aircraft during the landing phase, ensuring that the aircraft can land safely without stalling.

When flying at Vref, pilots are better able to ensure a smooth touchdown, as this speed provides a buffer above stall speed and allows for adequate control inputs. Vref is typically calculated based on the aircraft’s weight and environmental conditions, and it is essential for pilots to be aware of and adhere to this speed to achieve a successful landing.